In astronomy, stellar classification is the classification of stars based on their spectral characteristics. Electromagnetic radiation from the star is analyzed by splitting it with a prism or diffraction grating into a spectrum exhibiting the rainbow of colors interspersed with spectral lines. The sequence has been expanded with classes for other stars and star-like.

In, stellar classification is the classification of based on their characteristics. From the star is analyzed by splitting it with a or into a exhibiting the of colors interspersed with. Each line indicates a particular or, with the line strength indicating the abundance of that element. The strengths of the different spectral lines vary mainly due to the temperature of the, although in some cases there are true abundance differences. The spectral class of a star is a short code primarily summarizing the state, giving an objective measure of the photosphere's temperature. Most stars are currently classified under the Morgan-Keenan (MK) system using the letters O, B, A, F, G, K, and M, a sequence from the hottest ( O type) to the coolest ( M type). Each letter class is then subdivided using a numeric digit with 0 being hottest and 9 being coolest (e.g.

A8, A9, F0, and F1 form a sequence from hotter to cooler). The sequence has been expanded with classes for other stars and star-like objects that do not fit in the classical system, such as class D for and classes S and C for. In the MK system, a is added to the spectral class using. This is based on the width of certain absorption lines in the star's spectrum, which vary with the density of the atmosphere and so distinguish giant stars from dwarfs. Luminosity class 0 or Ia+ is used for hypergiants, class I for supergiants, class II for bright giants, class III for regular giants, class IV for sub-giants, class V for stars, class sd (or VI) for sub-dwarfs, and class D (or VII) for white dwarfs. The full spectral class for the is then G2V, indicating a main-sequence star with a temperature around 5,800 K. Just-saturated RGB-camera discs The conventional color description takes into account only the peak of the stellar spectrum.

In actuality, however, stars radiate in all parts of the spectrum. Because all spectral colors combined appear white, the actual apparent colors the human eye would observe are far lighter than the conventional color descriptions would suggest. This characteristic of 'lightness' indicates that the simplified assignment of colors within the spectrum can be misleading.

Excluding color-contrast illusions in dim light, there are no green, indigo, or violet stars. Are a deep shade of orange, and do not literally appear brown, but hypothetically would appear dim grey to a nearby observer. Modern classification. The Morgan–Keenan spectral classification The modern classification system is known as the Morgan–Keenan (MK) classification. Best of ugk. Each star is assigned a spectral class from the older Harvard spectral classification and a luminosity class using Roman numerals as explained below, forming the star's spectral type.

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Other modern, such as the, are based on —the measured differences in three or more. Those numbers are given labels such as 'U-V' or 'B-V', which represent the colors passed by two standard filters (e.g. Ultraviolet, Blue and Visual).

Harvard spectral classification The Harvard system is a one-dimensional classification scheme by astronomer, who re-ordered and simplified a prior alphabetical system. Stars are grouped according to their spectral characteristics by single letters of the alphabet, optionally with numeric subdivisions. Main-sequence stars vary in surface temperature from approximately 2,000 to 50,000, whereas more-evolved stars can have temperatures above 100,000 K. Physically, the classes indicate the temperature of the star's atmosphere and are normally listed from hottest to coldest. The relates stellar classification with,, and surface. The spectral classes O through M, as well as other more specialized classes discussed later, are subdivided by (0–9), where 0 denotes the hottest stars of a given class. For example, A0 denotes the hottest stars in class A and A9 denotes the coolest ones.